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The Life of Linnaeus
Physics and the Cosmos
Linnaeus as a Physician
- Did you know this about Linnaeus...
- Linnaeus and his life
- Why is Linnaeus world-famous?
- A quick tour through the life of Linnaeus
- What was really his name?
- Linnaeus the child
- Linnaeus’ family in Småland
- An interest in nature awakens
- Linnaeus at school
- Linnaeus the student
- A year in Lund
- Two important meetings
- Linnaeus stands in for the professor
- The expedition to Lapland
- Linnaeus, the student, at home
- Linnaeus in Dalarna
- Linnaeus the doctor of medicine
- Linnaeus Doctor of Medicine - in one week!
- Linnaeus acquires many friends...and is sold for a book!
- Linnaeus grows bananas and comes up with a "modern" thermometer
- Linnaeus - doctor in Stockholm
- Professor Linnaeus
- The Journey to the islands of Öland and Gotland
- Linnaeus’ garden
- Linnaeus the teacher
- Carl von Linné the nobleman
- Linnaeus’ Hammarby
- Family life
- What people have said about Linnaeus
- Linnaeus deceased
- Linnaeus deceased
- Read more about Linnaeus
- The Linnaean heritage in Uppsala
Physics and the Cosmos
- Introduction
- Microcosmos - the structure of matter
- The world according to the ancient Greek philosophers
- The cell - a living microcosmos?
- Crystals - nature putting itself in order
- Liquid Crystals
- Ice crystals
- Carbon in different forms
- Buckminster fullerens
- Atoms - the smallest parts of the elements
- The atomic nucleus - a new world with new forces
- Use of Carbon-14 for dating
- Nuclear power, releasing the strong force
- Medical applications in nuclear physics
- Radioactivity
- Quarks and leptons, the smallest building blocks of matter?
- Do quarks have a substructure?
- How many different forces are there?
- Why are there three families of elementary particles?
- What is keeping the quarks together in the proton?
- What is mass?
- An example of physics at LEP
- WASA, an Uppsala experiment
- Macrocosmos, introduction
- The Sun
- The solar cycle
- What are northern lights?
- Galaxies
- Active Galactic Nuclei
- The life of a star
- The life of a star
- Clusters of Galaxies
- Gravitational lensing
- Supernova
- Black holes
- The Milky Way
- Big Bang
- The AMANDA experiment
- Formation of atoms
- Formation of second generation stars
- The electroweak era
- The cosmic microwave background
- Grand unification
- The very early Universe
- Hadron formation
- Formation of galaxies in the Big Bang
- Formation of atomic nuclei in the early Universe
- Dark matter
- Is the Universe open or closed?
- Glossary:
- Physics and the Cosmos, Persons
- Physics and the Cosmos, Glossary
Linnaeus as a Physician
- Introduction
- The Art and Science of Medicine
- Faith and Science
- The Position of Science
- Linnaeus’ Personal Qualifications
- Human Beings and the Balance of Nature
- The Young Carl Linnaeus Chooses to Study Medicine
- Schooldays in Växjö
- What you enjoy doing, you will do well
- How is a fervent interest created?
- Studying Medicine
- His Time in Lund (1727 - 28)
- Studies at Uppsala (1728 - 31)
- Public Anatomical Dissections
- Academic Career – Gathering of Material to Benefit the Art of Medicine
- The Sojourn in Holland and the Dissertation
- Medical Practice, Stockholm (1738–1741)
- Nils Rosén & Carl Linnaeus
- Linnaeus Applies for the Professorship in Medicine
- Roles as Physician and Teacher
- Researching Students
- Linnaeus’ Importance to the Art and Science of Medicine
- Dissertations
- Some Examples of the Contents of Dissertations
- The Constituent Parts of the Body and Pathology
- Cataloguing Diseases (Genera morborum)
- The Effect and Use of Medicines (Materia medica, Clavis Medicinae)
- Pharmacopoea Svecica
- Control of Pharmaceutical Activities and Taking Inventory of Medicinal Plants
- Materia medica, Nature Products and Synthetic Pharmaceuticals
- Linnaeus and the Therapeutic Use of Electricity
- Linnaeus – Seen from Our Day
- Further Reading
Linnaeus and Pharmacy
The History of Ideas
- Introduction
- Medicinal plants and Linnaeus
- Pharmacopoeias
- The editions of the Swedish pharmacopoeia
- Plants are important
- Poisonous pages
- Amanita mushrooms
- Autumn crocus
- Daphne
- Henbane
- Tobacco
- Monk's hood
- Plant substances with narcotic effects
- Gingko
- Old Drugs from Medicinal Plants
- Developing a new drug
- Drugs or herbal remedies?
- Pharmacological tests
- The formulation of drugs
- Medicinal plants
- Bark for Malaria
- Deadly nightshade relieves cramp
- Belladonna
- Foxglove helps against heart failure
- Mayapple - a many facetted healing herb
- Hops – not only a bitter in beer
- As long ago as the old Scandinavians …
- Yew Trees that cure tumours
- Coffee – rat poison or miracle medicine?
- Chamomile for the stomach
- Liquorice – sweets for coughs
- Opium – a latex from Hell?
- The Opium Wars
- Penicillin - mould against infections
- A willow for a headache
- Purple coneflower assists the immune defence
- Sweet wormwood – a new product for malaria
- Valerian – a natural sedative
- Thistles protect against liver damage
- Bogbean – a bitter for the stomach
- Bitterness
- Chemistry in nature
- To Separate
- The separation of Indian ink – a 10 minute laboratory experiment
- To determine the structure
- Chemical classes among natural products
- Why isolate from plants?
- The chemical relationships of plants
- Animals and medicine
- Anabolic steroids and the pill from offals
- Animals don’t want to be eaten either
- Fishes and frogs in the flow
- Deer’s antlers - a potent drug
- Leeches don't lose their touch in transplantations
- Medical insects irritate
- Dung and urine are more useful than you think
- Nature's own chemical warfare
- Cheating an insect
- Why do plants need laxatives?
- Plants fight for nutrients
- Plants avoid being eaten
- Hydrogen cyanide or cyan hydrogen
The History of Ideas
- Introduction
- Linnaean traditions
- Linnaeus’ method
- Linnaeus as a minerologist
- The Age of Liberty - Linnaeus’ day
- Linnaeus’ Sweden
- Linnaeus’ Uppsala
- Mercantilism
- The notion of utility
- The Royal Academy of Sciences
- In the service of agriculture
- Physicotheology
- Linnaeus’ view of nature
- Faith in the Bible and Creation
- Linnaeus as a zoologist
- Linnaeus as an ornithologist
- Linnaeus’ zoological treatises
- The specimen cabinet
- Clergy zoologists
- Linnaeus’ language
- Horse manure is hopping...
- avoidance of tautology...
- Linnaeus in poetry: a journey through the history of ideas
- Linnaeus as a priest of nature
- “Linnaea” in the cycle of poems The Flowers
- The author Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom
- Linnaeus’ life told in slang from Southside Stockholm
- ...was a pseudonym
- ...in all the most important [...] subjects
- ...respect for authorities
- Anna Myrberg / Black Mask, “Charlie Linnaeus”
- ...pick up all sortsa junk
- ...was low on cash
- ...history ’n’ cultural mathematics
- ...Celsius was an OK guy
- The author Anna Myrberg / Black Mask
- Linnaeus as a genius in the service of society
- Archiater Linnæus
- "To Archiater Linnæus"
- The author Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht
- ...lyrical poetry
- What did Linnaeus look like?
- Caricatures of Linnaeus
- Animal rights in the 18th century
- Was Linnaeus famous?
Plants and Animals
Linné och ekologin
- Introduction
- The order in nature
- Systema Naturae - an epoch-making book
- Systematics order through relationship
- Cladistics reveal the tree of life
- DNA reveals relationships
- Fossils are petrified organisms
- Linnaeus and the evolution
- Peloria - a monster
- A species - the basic unit in nature
- It is not easy to identify a species
- A system for all living organisms
- The hierarchy among organisms
- How to describe a new species
- Each species has two names
- Scientific names
- To name a new species
- Linnaea borealis
- Linnaeus and the plants
- Linnaeus sexual system
- Plant systematics before Linnaeus
- Stamens and pistils
- Flowers and bees
- The star of Bethlehem
- Fly orchid - a dishonest orchid
- Plants with a secret wedding
- Linnaeus and the animals
- Bats are not birds
- Insects have their skeleton outside the body
- The cluster fly – a Christmas fly
- Peter Artedi (1705–1735)
- Unknown in Linnaeus’ time
- Linnaeus’ thesis on the ague (malaria)
- How the ague disappeared
- Malaria parasites burst blood cells
- Yellow bark - the first medicine against malaria
- The invisible bacteria
- The secret of lichens was concealed from Linnaeus
- The dual nature of lichens
- To discover new species
- The pupils of Linnaeus explored the world
- The journey to "The happy Arabia" Peter Forsskål (1732–1763)
- Scented sap
- Sailing trip round the world with Captain Cook Daniel Solander (1736–1782)
- Isolated on a Japanese island Carl Peter Thunberg (1743–1828)
- With the Spaniards to South America Pehr Löfling (1729–1756)
- A visit to the "New York" in North America Pehr Kalm (1716–1779)
- New species in the Flora of Somalia
Linné och ekologin
- Introduction
- Linnaeus and the ideas of ecology
- Linnaeus, physicotheology, and protoecology
- Natural history, biology, and ecology
- Linnaeus’ ecology and Darwin's evolution
- The development of protoecology in Sweden
- Summary
- References
- The ascent of ecology in Sweden
- Swedish protoecologists of the 19th century
- New impulses from Germany
- Renaissance for field studies
- The first ecologists
- The first zoo-ecologists
- Debate between two schools of ecology
- Summary